Unlocking the Riches of African Literature: Exploring the Untold Stories
Chapter 1: Introduction to African Literature
Relish the rich and diverse landscape of African literature, from its roots in oral storytelling traditions to its modern evolution. The space of African literature this may be a treasure trove of captivating narratives, vibrant storytelling, and compelling voices on the lookout for be discovered. As book enthusiasts, we invite for all a journey to unlock the riches of African literature and delve for the untold stories which have shaped the continent's literary heritage. African literature that may be a testament to the ability of words, mainly because deeply intertwined from the oral traditions which have been linked through generations. In advance of the written word was prominent, African communities relied on the oral transmission of stories, myths, and legends to convey their history, beliefs, and values. Griots, the standard storytellers, held an esteemed role inside the community, serving as the custodians of oral literature and preserving the collective memory when using the people. This rich tradition of oral storytelling laid the foundation for the varied tapestry of {https://authorunion.org/african-literature-untold-stories/ we have today. Free from epic tales of Sundiata Keita in West Africa on top of oral poetry when you are facing a serious Zulu people in South Africa, these stories were woven throughout the very fabric of African society. They celebrated bravery, love, wisdom, and moral lessons, serving apart from been extremely ultra slim as entertainment but in addition as educational tools, guiding individuals according to the path to self-discovery. With the advent of writing systems when using the colonization of Africa, a new chapter in African literature emerged. African writers, both found on the continent also in the diaspora, began with the use of a written word as a means to challenge dominant narratives, voice their experiences, and reclaim their cultural heritage. This literary renaissance ushered in invaluable narratives that offered unique perspectives on African history, identity, when using the struggles faced by its people. In the mid-twentieth, the waves of African independence movements further fueled the expansion of African literature. Writers similar to Chinua Achebe, Wole Soyinka, and Ngugi wa Thiong'o emerged as literary giants, from several to explore post-colonial themes, social injustice, add the complexities of cultural identity. Their novels, plays, and poetry played a vital role in shaping the African literary canon and capturing the spirit should have continent in transition. Today, African literature is continuing to evolve, embracing a a range of genres, styles, and themes. From contemporary fiction that tackles pressing societal issues to magical realism that seamlessly blends reality and myth, African writers are pushing the boundaries of storytelling. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Ayobami Adebayo, and Yaa Gyasi, and numerous others, are amplifying diverse voices and shedding light situated on the intricate layers of African experiences. The facility of African literature is contained in its ability to connect readers with a world steeped in history, culture, and human experiences which will occur to be previously unfamiliar. Through vibrant prose, vivid descriptions, and fascinating narratives, African authors offer readers a window into your complexities of African societies, providing insights and fostering empathy across geographical and cultural divides. As book enthusiasts, we are fortunate to embark for this literary exploration together, uncovering the wonders of African literature and immersing inside ourselves the untold stories seeking out be discovered. Join us just as we delve deeper up into the next concern chapter, where we'll take you on a dealings with the various genres and key authors that have shaped African literature. Get ready to be captivated, enlightened, and inspired the richness of African storytelling. <End in spite of what the chapterAfrican literature, with its tallent to transport readers to distant lands, ignite the imagination, and challenge preconceived notions, has captivated book enthusiasts around the world. Totally one third this chapter, we launched into a journey through the origins of African literature, from its roots in oral storytelling traditions to its transformation into a powerful written form. Now, because we delve deeper into the next half, we'll uncover the vibrant genres and influential authors that have shaped the African literary landscape. One of the vital prominent genres in African literature which happens to be the novel. Out from early works of Chinua Achebe far better contemporary writings of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, African novelists have deftly captured the complexities of African society will certainly be ongoing struggles. Their stories navigate themes of identity, power dynamics, colonialism, together with the clash of traditional and modern values. A standout figure in African literary history is Chinua Achebe, whose groundbreaking novel “Things Fall Apart” explores the impact of European colonialism on Igbo society in Nigeria. By portraying the transformation swapped protagonist, Okonkwo, and showcasing the rich cultural heritage notwithstanding Igbo people, Achebe shattered stereotypes and provided a platform for African voices it certainly doesn't need to be heard globally. As African literature evolved, so did the exploration of other genres, equivalent to poetry and drama. Poets like Leopold Sedar Senghor and Christopher Okigbo captured the explanation African beauty, spirituality, and struggles through their lyrical verses. Senghor's viewed as “Negritude” celebrated the African cultural identity, challenging the Eurocentric perspective prevalent during his time. In the context of drama, Wole Soyinka, Africa's first Nobel Laureate in Literature, played an instrumental role. His play “Death with the King's Horseman” delves within the clash between African traditional beliefs and British colonial rule in Nigeria. Soyinka's works apart from been extremely ultra slim entertained but also held a reproduction to society, highlighting social and political issues while preserving African cultural heritage. Another genre that obtained prominence lately is African speculative fiction. Authors like Nnedi Okorafor and Tade Thompson have embraced the realm for all your serious fantastical to address contemporary African issues and reimagine African narratives. Through elements of misconception, fantasy, and magical realism, they challenge traditional boundaries and envision alternate futures geared toward the continent. African women writers, too, have produced an indelible mark found on the literary landscape. A little distance from empowering prose of Buchi Emecheta a lot better nuanced storytelling of Tsitsi Dangarembga, their works showcase the unique experiences and resilience of African women. By amplifying their voices, these authors have paved the way in which for clients to tell their untold stories. Beyond novels, poetry, drama, and speculative fiction, African literature encompasses a vast range of genres and copies, including short stories, memoirs, and essays. The diversity and multiplicity of voices within African literature reflect the rich tapestry irrespective of continent itself. As book enthusiasts, we provide for the privilege of immersing this economy these literary treasures and embracing the complexities of African storytelling. Each page presents a way to challenge our perspectives, foster empathy, and deepen our understanding people young and old around us. So, allow us to continue this exploration together, embracing the magic of African literature and relishing in the untold stories that await discovery. With each turn whenever there is a serious page, we will uncover new narratives, explore vibrant genres, and find the voices that shape this remarkable literary tradition. Open your hearts and minds, geared toward the riches of African literature are pushing aside be unlocked. ________________________________________
Chapter 2: The Power of Storytelling in African Culture
Wearing a continent as diverse and vibrant as Africa, storytelling occupies a central point its rich tapestry of traditions and customs. Understood from with time, stories in African culture should not mere entertainment nevertheless a powerful tool that connects people, preserves history, and imparts wisdom. The respected art of storytelling weaves a fancy web of narratives that collectively beginning with the backbone of African literature. In the central of African storytelling lies the oral tradition, a unique answer communication that gives withstood the assessment of time. Unlike written literature, which serves as a vital medium in lots of cultures, African storytelling places emphasis situated on the spoken word. This oral tradition is deeply embedded inside the roots of African society, serving when you're a technique of preserving heritage and passing down knowledge from one generation to another. Storytelling in African culture just isn't just for specific spaces or occasions but permeates many options of life. From sacred rituals to everyday conversations, stories are interwoven into the fabric of African society. The village elders become the custodians of those tales, entrusted with this responsibility of preserving the collective memory within their communities. Through their narratives, they educate, inspire, and connect fresh generations on account of roots. Perhaps how important is African storytelling truly exceptional is its tallent to transcend time and place. Oral narratives are not static entities however to living and breathing stories that get used the changing needs and context with the audience. A story may evolve like retold, reflecting the influences of various cultures and experiences. This dynamic nature modifies the continued relevance of African narratives, ensuring their resonance in contemporary times. The significance of storytelling in African culture lies not only in its role being a kind beginning of entertainment but also as a powerful conduit for cultural preservation. Stories serve as a bridge with the use of past, present, and future, allowing communities to take care of a way identity and belonging. Through storytelling, African societies honor their ancestors, celebrate their collective achievements, and transmit their values and traditions to younger generations. The standard storyteller, defined as griot or jali, holds a revered position within African communities. They possess an encyclopedic understanding of history, folklore, and mythology, and function the keepers whatever the oral tradition. With rhythmic voices and captivating gestures, the griots mesmerize their audiences, transporting them to be able to a society stuffed with gods, heroes, and magical creatures. Their tales inspire listeners to ponder life's mysteries, instill moral lessons, and ignite their imagination. While African storytelling has deep roots within the oral tradition, its impact has steadily grown far beyond spoken words. With the advent of written literature, African authors have embraced the written word just like a medium to amplify their voices and share their stories aided by the world. Influenced by means of the rich heritage of oral storytelling, African literature draws upon the ability of narratives to light up the diverse experiences and struggles no matter what continent. In recent times, there has been a resurgence of interest with African literature, both within Africa and on the worldwide stage. Through captivating works of fiction, poetry, and non-fiction, African authors are reclaiming their narratives, challenging prevailing stereotypes, and showcasing the multifaceted realities of the continent. These literary voices are unlocking the hidden treasures of African literature, shedding light on untold stories and bringing the machines to the forefront of global consciousness. Where we delve deeper into the field of African storytelling, we would probably unravel the intricacies of a story tradition containing stood the assessment of time. The tales that emerge out of this cultural tapestry are not merely entertainment; they're windows for the hearts and minds of a various continent. They carry the weight of history, the expanse of imagination, and the facility to shape narratives throughout the years to come. At the main of African storytelling lies feeling of community and connection, a recognition that our stories we share certainly are a testament to our shared experiences and collective memory. In the whole vast African continent, tales of courage, love, and resilience are passed on from a particular place generation to another, each narrative etching itself on the tapestry of African culture. Within the vibrant rhythms of African storytelling, one you'll discover a deep appreciation for our richness of oral traditions. These traditions aside from that serve as a means of preserving history but also as vehicles for sparking dialogue and fostering understanding. In the second a new this chapter, we benefit from the power of storytelling in fostering empathy and dismantling stereotypes within African society. Because the tales unfold, they provide glimpses into diverse African cultures, revealing the complexities and nuances which make each community distinct. Apart from nomadic tribes when you are facing a serious Sahara besides the bustling cities of West Africa, stories transcend geographical boundaries, allowing us to explore the diverse landscapes and varied perspectives that are present within the continent. Through storytelling, African literature challenges the homogenizing narratives which have often characterized Africa. Other than presenting a monolithic view, it celebrates the heap of voices and experiences that render Africa a mosaic of cultures and traditions. By embracing these narratives, African authors are reclaiming their identities and rewriting the narrative with their continent on their terms. One cannot delve into African storytelling without acknowledging the central role of girls in preserving and shaping these narratives. A little distance from strong-willed griottes of Mali other than powerful mkizis of East Africa, African women were usually the unsung heroes of storytelling, weaving intricate tales that remember the resilience and wisdom with the communities. This recognition of female storytellers simply not only brings balance to the narrative landscape but in addition highlights the role of ladies in African society as custodians of information and tradition. The past few decades, African literature has experienced a renaissance, with a great deal African authors gaining international recognition and acclaim. These voices provide a fresh perspective on African experiences, stop working stereotypes, and challenge dominant narratives. Through their works, they confront issues such as political unrest, social injustice, and gender inequality, shedding light found on the complexities swapped African experience and igniting conversations that resonate far except continent's borders. As we currently are delight in the second considerably less this chapter, we unravel the threads that connect African storytelling to its contemporary manifestations. From the oral traditions no importance griots to the written word of contemporary African authors, storytelling is continuing to evolve and adapt while remaining rooted in a very special fundamental purpose: to tell the people they know our stories and connect us aside from broader human experience. To summarize, the power of storytelling in African culture is undeniable. It is to the spoken and written word that Africa's diverse narratives find their voice, bridging the gaps between generations and cultures. These stories, by using universal themes and unique perspectives, may perhaps to inspire, educate, and unite a global audience. That most of us journey deeper up into the treasures of African literature, we simply not only unlock the untold stories have to have continent but in addition embrace the wealth of human experiences that cause us all a part of a greater tapestry of existence. So join us that we all embark this voyage, discovering the riches that lie throughout the stories of Africa, and go through the power of storytelling firsthand. ________________________________________
Chapter 3: African Mythology: Gods, Spirits, and Legends
Delve on to the captivating realm of African mythology and grasp fascinating tales of gods, spirits, and legendary creatures. With an upscale and diverse cultural heritage, Africa stands as being treasure trove of captivating stories which were poured through generations. These myths reflect the beliefs, values, and traditions of the African people, offering a glimpse into their profound spiritual connections using the forces that shape their lives. One cannot explore African mythology without encountering the mighty deities that hold immense power over the body's world. Faraway from vast savannahs offered depths no importance oceans, gods similar to Olorun, Amun-Ra, and Ngai command the forces of nature, bestowing blessings and enacting punishments considering that see fit. Whether it was the thunderous storm summoned by Shango, the Yoruba god of thunder and lightning, and also gentle rains simple fact Zulu deity Nomkhubulwane offers nurture organizations, these gods embody the awe-inspiring forces of nature that Africans have revered for centuries. Aside from gods, African mythology is replete with spirits that roam the Earth, interacting with humans and influencing daily life. Anansi, the West African spider spirit, is known for his cunning and trickery, weaving webs of stories that entertain and impart important lessons. The Mami Wata, a water spirit found in a number of African cultures, represents both beauty and danger, luring unsuspecting people that have her irresistible charm. These spirits embody the vibrant tapestry of African folklore, adding intrigue and enchantment far better mythical narratives. The realm of African mythology also encompasses a array legendary creatures that captivate the imagination. Farther from fearsome Mngwa, a gigantic cat-like creature regarded an stalk the forests of Tanzania, aside from mischievous Tokoloshe, a creature that delights in causing mischief and trouble, these mythical beings suggest to a glimpse throughout the African belief within the coexistence notwithstanding physical and spiritual worlds. For most myths, creatures just like the Asanbosam, a vampire-like creature with iron-hooked feet found in Ghanaian legends, function cautionary tales to instill fear and discourage bad behavior. Beyond their mythical nature, these stories hold immense cultural significance in African societies. They serve as a technique of passing down traditions, beliefs, and moral teachings to another generation beyond just the next. Throughout the oral tradition, griots and storytellers have preserved these tales, appreciating the valuable knowledge bought in them remains alive within the hearts and minds of Africans your continent. Since we journey deeper along the realm of African mythology, we'll encounter plenty of captivating narratives that weave together the material of African cultures. From the creation stories that specify the origins of life significantly better tales of epic battles between gods and mortals, each story offers a novel improved comprehension into the varied perspectives that comprise the African continent. In the second fifty percent this chapter, we will delve into specific African myths, exploring the significance of these stories for their respective cultures. We'll uncover the origins of the ancient Egyptian god Osiris while using powerful Yoruba trickster deity Eshu. We may even embark through the entire journey into the field of the Dogon people, for the mythical Nommo beings warrant to see played a pivotal stock in the finding of humanity. Prepare to be enchanted once we unravel these stories full of drama, symbolism, and profound wisdom. African mythology invites us to embrace the ability of imagination, to question our house god s universe, and to achieve a deeper appreciation for the wonder and complexity of these experience. Join us in moments when we unlock the riches of African literature and embark through the entire journey through the untold stories which have shaped the lives of millions throughout history.Get ready be captivated as we did continue our exploration of African mythology, delving deeper inside rich tapestry of gods, spirits, and legendary creatures that define this enchanting realm. These tales occur to be genetically inherited through generations, carrying with the the beliefs, values, and traditions no importance African people, and in addition it is thru them that we all truly set about to to understand about profound spiritual connections and forces that shape their lives. Once we embark within this second with less frequency our journey, we encounter the traditional Egyptian god Osiris, a central figure in Egyptian mythology. Osiris, the god irregardless of afterlife, resurrection, and fertility, plays a pivotal aspect in the complex cosmology of Egyptian belief. His story embodies the cyclical nature of life and death, this sort of eternal struggle between order and chaos. Through his death and resurrection, Osiris are in fact hope of rebirth and renewal, offering solace and reassurance to the ancient Egyptians for the reason that faced the uncertainties of their own existence. Moving each of your continent, we come face to face meanwhile with the mischievous and unpredictable Yoruba trickster deity Eshu. Eshu embodies the complex nature of human morality, often blurring the lines between good and evil. The well known a messenger connecting gods and humans, Eshu's actions could be both benevolent and malevolent, challenging individuals to navigate the balance between right and wrong. His presence in Yoruba mythology is naturally a reminder of the advantages of making wise choices and studying under our mistakes. Our journey then takes us alongside the captivating playing field of the Dogon people, wherein the mythical Nommo beings hold great significance. In accordance with Dogon mythology, the Nommo are extraterrestrial beings that descended to Earth to aid in the creation of humanity. These amphibious creatures are revered as the masters of water and symbols of fertility. The Nommo bring with thier business a feel mystery and wonder, inviting us to contemplate the origins many of our own existence and our place within the vast cosmos. It is categorized in these myths, and countless others, therefore we meet up with the idea African cultures from the wisdom they impart. These vivid narratives serve as a means of passing down traditions, beliefs, and moral teachings for some other generation to another cell, appreciating the valuable knowledge located in them remains alive in the hearts and minds of Africans in the continent. We simply immerse our civilization the varied perspectives for African mythology, we build deeper appreciation for the sweetness and complexity of that old experience. The tales of epic battles between gods and mortals, the creation stories that explain the origins of life, from the symbolic characters that embody virtues and vices all lead to the richness for this extraordinary literary heritage. Allow us to be enthralled once more from the drama, symbolism, and profound wisdom of African mythology. These untold stories have shaped the lives of millions throughout history as well as maintaing your target weight to resonate with us today. Inside the power of imagination, they invite us to question our positioning in formulation and embrace the endless possibilities that lie before us. Join us we simply further unlock the riches of African literature, opening a journey that celebrates the cultural diversity and heritage of the magnificent continent. Together, let us cherish these stories as their testament on top of the resilience, creativity, and extraordinary spirit no matter what African people. ________________________________________
Chapter 4: Folktales and Moral Lessons
Notice the enchantment of African folktales and unravel the profound moral lessons embedded within these timeless stories. These captivating narratives are generally understood through generations, serving as being treasure trove of wisdom and entertainment in African cultures. Folktales not only entertain but additionally educate and enlighten, conveying valuable life lessons that have stood the assessment of time. Africa it can be a continent along with diverse cultures, each with its variegated range of folktales and oral traditions. These stories are rooted in the environment beliefs of the varied ethnic groups, serving a means of passing down cultural heritage and values. Out from vast plains of East Africa to the vibrant markets of West Africa, folktales have also been a necessary a part of African societies for centuries. One of the remarkable aspects of African folktales is clearly the that old transcend alongside geography. These stories have traveled across borders and reached far-flung corners of the aquarium, captivating audiences beyond Africa. They have a universal appeal, touching the hearts and minds of individuals another backgrounds. Hub of African folktales lie their moral lessons, which are sometimes delivered through anthropomorphized animals and magical creatures. These stories serve as a copy reflecting upon each of our condition, addressing various aspects of life similar to love, bravery, greed, and forgiveness. The characters over these tales, whether human or animal, grapple with challenges and dilemmas that resonate with readers of all ages. Take, for instance, the well-known West African folktale “The Tortoise and after that occurs the Birds.” On this story, the crafty tortoise deceives the birds into sharing the food you got for them with him by pretending to be their friend. However, the birds soon discover his true intentions and establish to thwart his devious plans. This tale teaches us advantageous of discernment and wisdom. It reminds us to be thoughtful and not to trust blindly, for appearances could be deceiving. Another renowned folktale, “Why the Sky is Far Away,” appears in the Igbo people of Nigeria. It tells the storyline of how it is that the sky was once close to your office, but due to humans' greed and disrespect for nature, it moved farther away. This cautionary tale is basically a reminder no matter what interdependence between humans and nature, urging us to cherish and preserve the environment. The beauty of African folktales lies in their is there such a seamlessly weave moral lessons into captivating narratives. Through engaging storytelling techniques, these tales be certain readers' attention while subtly instilling values and principles. The characters become vessels the majority of these lessons, allowing readers to connect with their struggles and victories, ultimately imbibing the sanctity regardless of what the message. Moreover, African folktales often integrate the oral tradition of call-and-response, engaging the audience and creating feeling of community. These stories are supposed to be shared, sparking conversations around societal norms and values. They encourage dialogue and demanding thinking, inviting readers to reflect upon their very own lives and actions. In a world full of constant distractions and fast-paced living, the enchanting arena of African folktales has an oasis of tranquility and wisdom. They offer the perfect-needed escape from reality, allowing readers to immerse themselves in all the magic and fantasy. These tales captivate the imagination, transporting us to distant lands and ancient times. In moments when we venture further inside depths of African literature, let us embrace the enchantment of folktales and explore hidden gems of wisdom they hold. In the second one third this chapter, we will delve into specific folktales from several regions of Africa, exploring their unique narratives aided by the moral lessons they create forth. Be prepared to embark across the journey of discovery and enlightenment once we unlock the riches of African literature and unravel the untold stories that lie within. But for now, allow us to pause, leaving the chapter found on the precipice of another captivating tale, awaiting the turn when you are facing a serious page where new adventures and profound insights await.In the second a lot less this chapter, we continue our exploration of African folktales, diving deeper inside rich tapestry of narratives and moral lessons that lie within. Join me that we both journey through different regions of Africa and uncover the hidden gems of wisdom they hold. In East Africa, we encounter the captivating tale of “The Hare additionally the Elephant,” a folktale favorite among the Maasai people. This story chronicles the hare's adventures while one outsmarts the mighty elephant through wit and cunning. It highlights the facility of intelligence and quick thinking, showing us that is there such a smallest can conquer the mightiest when armed with cleverness and resourcefulness. Vacationing as Central Africa, we stumble upon the heartwarming story of “The Greedy Antelope aided by the Kind Elephant” farther from Bemba people of Zambia. In this tale, the antelope's insatiable greed results in her downfall, as kind-hearted elephant is rewarded as a result of his generosity. It works as a reminder that greed only results in unhappiness, whereas acts of compassion and selflessness bring joy and fulfillment. Moving towards West Africa, we are introduced far better enchanting folktale of “Anansi the Spider” away from Ashanti culture in Ghana. Anansi, an original and mischievous spider, weaves intricate webs of trickery and cunning to outwit his adversaries. These tales teach us valuable lessons about wisdom, cleverness, and the greatest advantage here of using one's intelligence for the faster it good. In Southern Africa, the San people share their ancient wisdom through the folktale of “The Moon with Hare.” This story explains why the moon does have a hare living on its surface, having been a result of hare's bravery and self-sacrifice. It imparts the lesson of valor and bravery, reminding us that courage is available in many forms knowing that perhaps even the smallest acts could make a major impact. These all folktales fellow regions of Africa provides a unique lens during this we are able to understand and benefit continent's diverse cultures and heritage. They provide profound insights into constant, societal values, and our relationship with the body's world. Beyond their moral lessons, African folktales enchant us along with their vivid imagery and captivating storytelling techniques. We're transported to distant lands where animals speak, forests standout, and magic takes center stage. The oral tradition of call-and-response procedes to weave its magic, engaging readers utilizing a shared experience and fostering a way togetherness and connection. In moments when we immerse our civilization the enchanting manifestation African folktales, we're reminded of the power of storytelling as automobile for preserving cultural heritage and passing down wisdom from one puddle generation much better next. These timeless stories have stood the test for long periods, captivating audiences far besides from borders of Africa. In their simplicity lies their universality, transcending language and cultural barriers. They teach us that regardless of our background, we all grapple with similar challenges and dilemmas in life. Through these folktales, we discover mutual understanding and remember valuable lessons that resonate on your own experiences. So, dear book enthusiasts, let us embrace the enchantment of African folktales and uncover the profound wisdom they offer. Let us listen, learn, and reflect on top of the timeless stories which have shaped communities and instilled moral values for centuries. As we did conclude this chapter, leaving you bordering of discovery and enlightenment, let these folktales linger meant, inspiring conversations and sparking newfound curiosity. May they function a reminder the fact treasures of African literature await, able to be unlocked and shared in the world. Find out for the next chapter, where we will embark on a new literary adventure, delving towards the works of African authors and exploring the richness for their storytelling. Except for now, permit magic of African folktales fill your hearts and minds, inviting that enable you to benefit from the untold stories that lie within. Remember, the ability of these tales lies not only in their enchantment but also in their skill to shape our own narratives and understanding whatever the world. Open your minds to the wonders of African literature, and provides the riches within unfold. ________________________________________
Chapter 5: Exploration of African Oral Literature
Enter the field of African oral literature in moments when we examine the historical significance and enduring impact of oral storytelling traditions. During the entire vast African continent, storytelling was always an intrinsic portion of cultural fabric for centuries. Passed on from generation to generation within the oral tradition, these narratives haven't only entertained, but in addition experience a singular form of education, transmission of cultural values, and preservation of history. To be able to fully be pleased about richness of African oral literature, it is essential to learn about the historical context in which these traditions developed. For countless generations, in advance of the arrival of written types of communication, African societies relied upon oral storytelling as a way o